陕西长青自然保护区的两栖爬行动物

长青自然保护区共有两栖爬行动物 2 7种 ,其中两栖动物 2目 4科 8种 ,爬行动物 3目 7科 19种。国家Ⅱ级保护动物 1种 ,即大鲵。并发现陕西省爬行动物 1新记录—水赤链游蛇。对两栖动物和爬行动物的分布特点进行了分析     

桫椤自然保护区的虫草及其相关真菌*

从贵州省赤水市桫椤自然保护区采集到虫草5种,其中新种3个:赤水虫草Cordyceps chishuiensis Liang & Liu, 桫椤虫草Cordyceps suoluoensis Liang & Liu和柄壳虫草Cordyceps stipillata Liang & Liu。赤水虫草和其近缘种的主要区别是子座直接从寄主的头部或腹部长出,单生,分枝,子囊壳广拟卵形,无喙。桫椤虫草的主要特征为子囊孢子具细丝状、柱状和囊状等多种形状,子囊孢子在子囊中呈绳状排列。柄壳虫草以子座柄分枝,子囊壳有柄和子囊孢子较粗(2祄)与其近缘种相区别。模式标本保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究室(LFRGU)     

三峡大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统10年(2000-2010年)质量变化

为了解湖北三峡大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统质量状况,利用多种遥感卫星影像资料并结合野外调查数据,对该保护区10年间(2000-2010年)的森林生态系统中植物地上生物量(AGB)、叶面积指数(LAI)、净初级生产力(NPP)的年际变化进行了比较研究。结果显示:(1)大老岭自然保护区10年间AGB总体呈下降趋势,但下降幅度很小,说明大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统植被结构状态比较稳定,但整个森林生态系统的结构稳定性不够,应创新管理机制,减少人为干扰;(2)年均LAI以中等(1.6~2.2)和较高等级(2.2~2.8)所占比例较大,年均LAI为1.6~2.8的植被面积占该区植被总面积的90%以上并呈增加趋势,说明该保护区内植被长势较好、生活力旺盛;(3)10年间NPP年总量具有缓慢增加的趋势,即从4.99×1010 gC(2000年)增加到5.07×1010 gC(2010年),说明自然保护区内森林生态系统林分类型多样,异质性较强,整个森林生态系统生产能力较高。本研究结果表明大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统质量总体较好,也从侧面反映出建立自然保护区进行植被保护所取得的效果。     

长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征

20世纪80年代后期,长白山遭受了罕见的台风袭击,原始森林遭到了大面积破坏。为了弄清风倒区自然恢复26a后的植被恢复状况,通过调查和对比分析风倒区和相邻的原始林区(对照区)3种典型森林类型的物种多样性的特征,评估了风倒区植被的恢复状况。结果表明,与没有受到干扰的对照区相比,阔叶红松林风倒区乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性差异性不显著(P0.05),而云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性显著降低;阔叶红松林风倒区的灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均呈降低趋势,且丰富度差异性显著,云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的灌木层α多样性显著升高;阔叶红松林和云冷杉林风倒区的草本层α多样性显著降低,但岳桦林风倒区草本层α多样性变化不显著。阔叶红松林乔木层更新恢复的较好,灌木层和草本层更新较差;云冷杉林和岳桦林均是乔木层更新较差,灌木层更新较好;云冷杉林草本层物种较单一,岳桦林变化不大。经过风干扰后的长白山不同海拔森林物种组成和多样性还需要较长时间才能恢复到干扰前水平。     

鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地植被生物量空间分布规律

探明区域湿地植被生物量的空间分布规律及其变化趋势,对于更好地保护候鸟生境、制定合理的湿地保护政策具有重要的意义。以鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区为研究对象,基于2000—2011年研究区MODIS植被指数产品和同期的植被生物量调查资料,建立了湿地植被生物量的遥感估算模型。在此基础上利用GIS空间分析方法,系统分析了保护区近10年来湿地植被生物量的空间分布规律及其季节变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)MODIS增强型植被指数的乘幂模型可以较好地模拟研究区湿地植被生物量的鲜重,拟合模型总体精度达到91.7%。(2)多年平均生物量呈现"岛屿型"空间分布模式:各子湖泊及洼地中心处,表现为水生植被群落为主的低生物量区(285 g/m2);湖心水体外围14—15m的高程区域,分布着以苔草群落为主的中生物量区(285—830 g/m2);高程位于16—18m的河口三角洲及天然堤坝区域,表现为以蒿、荻和芦苇群落为主的高生物量区。(3)保护区植被群落分布具有特定的季相变化特征,高、中、低生物量区在不同的月份呈现出不同的空间生消和演进规律,鄱阳湖水位的周期性涨落是影响其变化的一个重要扰动因子。     

茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林树种的空间分布格局及其分形特征

分析种群的空间分布格局有助于推断格局形成的潜在生态过程和机制,是生态学研究的重要内容。采用4种格局强度指数(聚块性指数、格林指数、扩散系数和负二项参数)以及分形维数中的计盒维数(D_b)和信息维数(D_i)对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中30种乔木的种群空间分布格局及其分形特征进行了分析,同时分析了不同生长阶段(幼树、中树和成树)空间分布的分形维数变化,比较了2种分形维数与5种种群结构参数和4种格局强度指数间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)30种树种中,除皱叶海桐(Pittosporum crispulum)和油柿(Diospyros oleifera)外,其余28种乔木树种的种群空间分布格局均呈现聚集分布,这种普遍的聚集性与喀斯特生境的高度异质性和种子扩散限制密切相关;(2)30种树种空间分布的D_b值介于0.589-1.870,D_i值介于0.498-1.711。分形维数值越大,表征种群对空间环境的占据利用能力越强,个体空间聚集强度越强,在群落中往往处于优势地位;反之则表明其对环境的占据能力弱,个体聚集程度越低,往往处于伴生地位;(3)从幼树、中树到成树阶段,30种树种空间分布的D_b和D_i平均值呈极显著的降低趋势,这可能与种内和种间的密度制约性死亡效应有关,导致种群随年龄的增加其聚集度和空间占据能力逐渐减弱;(4)相关分析表明,30种树种的种群多度和重要值与D_b和D_i均呈现显著正相关关系,表明种群多度和重要值的变化与种群空间占据能力和聚集程度存在密切关系。4种格局强度指数中,除聚块性指数外,其余3种指数与D_b和D_i值呈现显著或极显著相关性,表明分形维数D_b和D_i值可以用于表征种群空间分布的聚集程度。利用格局强度指数和分形维数准确量化了茂兰喀斯特森林树种的空间分布格局,其结果有助于揭示喀斯特森林群落物种共存的潜在维持机制。     

食物可获得性对冬季丹顶鹤能量收支的影响——以扎龙自然保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤为例

动物主要通过摄入食物和获得食物中的能量来维持其正常的生命活动。为论证食物获得性对冬季丹顶鹤能量收支的影响及为其越冬保护提供科学依据,以扎龙自然保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤为研究对象,对分别供给鲫鱼、玉米和混合(鲫鱼+玉米)饲喂3组丹顶鹤的能量收支、体重及其行为变化进行比较。结果发现,丹顶鹤的能量收支受食物可获得性差异影响,鲫鱼、混合饲喂和玉米3组丹顶鹤的能量收支及排泄次数依次降低,玉米组丹顶鹤的体重降低显著(P0.01)及其行为谱中的静息时间分配明显增加。食物的可选择性、环境低温和短光照的交互作用使丹顶鹤的可摄食时间受限,丹顶鹤的能量收支随之发生变化。分析结果表明扎龙保护区冬季每日定时、定量供给鲫鱼和足量供给玉米的饲喂丹顶鹤的方法较为合理。     

西双版纳布龙自然保护区勐宋片区附生维管植物多样性与分布特征

利用地面观测和单绳上树法初次对布龙自然保护区勐宋片区开展的附生维管植物调查表明:1)在6个样地77株宿主上(共调查96株乔木,占地约0.2ha),共有1 756株、丛个体,隶属14科47属103种;相比世界其他区域,物种丰富度处于旧世界热带水平区间,高于温带,但明显低于新世界热带水平;2)兰科植物为最丰富的类群(60％),其次为蕨类植物(24％),其他类群占16％;3)垂直分布特征研究表明,距地面10～ 15 m的中等高度带为物种最丰富的区间,约有51％的物种;0～5m高度带为个体数量最多的区间,共有约24％个体,揭示了除中等高度带以外的另一个重要附生生境;4)常见的绞杀型榕属植物未见,而半附生植物密脉鹅掌柴(Schefflera elliptica)和多蕊木(Tupidanthus calyptratus)数量较多.     

Effects of potential mining activities on migration corridors of Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) in the Altun National Nature Reserve,China

The Altun National Nature Reserve (ANNR) on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) of China plays a key role in protecting the endemic, endangered Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii). However, increasing mining activities in the ANNR pose a threat its habitats and migration corridors. This study aims to clearly understand potential effects of mining activities on habitats and migration corridors of Chiru. Using a linkage mapper corridor simulation tool in combination with the planned mining zones and roads distribution, we estimated the potential effects of these activities on migration corridors in eight scenarios (I: no mining activities; II: eastern mining zones exploited; III: central zones exploited; IV: western zones exploited; V: western and central zones exploited; VI: eastern and central zones exploited; VII: western and eastern zones exploited; VIII: all zones exploited). The results indicated that locations and length of potential Chiru migration corridors were different in 8 scenarios, thereby influencing the distribution and migration of Chiru in the ANNR; the protection importance value index (NIVI) of each core habitat changed in 8 scenarios. The western and central mining activities (in scenario V) would affect the Chiru migration most strongly, as the total length of all corridors was the longest with a length of 991.1 km and the total number of corridors was 25 which was the highest among the 8 scenarios. In scenario V, all migration corridors were greatly altered and the corridor length sharply increased. Also, the total length (942.8 km) of migration corridor was the second longest in scenario VI, and the third in scenario III. The central mining activities will significantly affect the seasonal migration routes for Chiru. Our results suggested that exploration of the central mining zones should be forbidden and central zones need to be strictly protected. Also, the northwestern region of the ANNR where most of migration corridors are located should also be strictly protected.     

Evaluating the impact of rural development measures on nature value indicators at different spatial levels: Application to France and The Netherlands

This paper proposes an approach for assessing the effectiveness of those agri-environmental schemes and rural development measures aimed at enhancing the natural value of farmland and, more generally, aimed at releasing the pressure on the environment due to agriculture. First, based on fine scale data, indicators derived from the High Nature Value farmland concept are tested at different scales, resolutions and situations: LAU2 for The Netherlands and LAU1 for France. The effect of rural development measures on the evolution of these indicators is then explored. Significant cause-effect relationships are found in the French cases, while only relationships of correlations are observed from the Dutch case study, obviously caused by a lack of data. Using fine scale data on rural development measures related to both 2000–2006 and 2007–2013 programming periods of the Common Agricultural Policy, a spatial econometrics methodology is applied to France, at national level on the one hand, and at a selected NUTS2 level on the other. The results indicate that agri-environmental schemes and specific rural development measures affect the changes in the indicators, and that the spatial scale of the analyses matters. In particular, results indicate that trends observed at the national scale do not necessarily apply at the regional scale (e.g. impacts of conversion to organic farming, the grassland premium, payments for water and biodiversity protection) underlining the importance of multi-scale assessments. Interestingly, delayed effects of the measures implemented in the 2000–2006 programming period, such as machinery investment aids and less-favoured area payments, are detectable. As regards the 2007–2013 rural development measures, the most significant positive effects on the farm nature value indicator are found, at the national level, for locally targeted agri-environmental schemes focused on biodiversity and water issues and, at the NUTS2 level, for supporting organic farming schemes. Given that the farm nature value indicator is built from three different indices (addressing crop diversity, grassland share, and wooded and afforested farmland) the effect of rural development measures on each of these individual indices is also explored. This enables the main structure and the magnitude of policy impacts to be captured and helps with the understanding of why certain objectives were not met. Key findings are relevant in the context of policy monitoring and evaluation, while the methodology proposed, that incorporates spatial effects, is an important contribution to the implementation of the Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework by Member States to account for national, regional or local characteristics.